DOI:
10.1017/jfm.2023.735
The three-dimensional (3-D) transition of the leading-edge vortex (LEV) and the force characteristics of the plunging airfoil are investigated in the chord-based Strouhal number Stc range of 0.10 to 1.0 by means of experimental measurements, numerical simulations and linear stability analysis in order to understand the spanwise instabilities and the
effects on the force.